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Introduction
Kohl is far more than just an ancient cosmetic—it’s a cultural and spiritual symbol rooted in Arab and Islamic traditions. Revered for centuries, natural kohl, particularly the variety known as ithmid, has stood the test of time as a beauty enhancer and a traditional eye remedy. In this article, we delve into the history of kohl, its types, health and cosmetic benefits, and its continued importance as a symbol of femininity and strength in the Arab world.
1. The Historical Legacy of Kohl
From Ancient Civilizations to Islamic Traditions
| Civilization | Use of Kohl | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
| Ancient Egypt | Eye protection against sun and dust | Cosmetic & spiritual protection |
| Babylon & Greece | Eye beautification and spiritual significance | Emphasizing eyes, warding off evil |
| Islamic Era | Promoted by Prophet Muhammad ﷺ | Eye health, beauty, and religious tradition |
Kohl is one of the oldest beauty substances known to humanity, dating back to ancient Egypt, Babylon, and Greece. In Egypt, it was used not only for cosmetic purposes but also to protect the eyes from harsh sunlight and sand. Believed to have mystical qualities, kohl was thought to enhance vision and ward off evil spirits.
In Islamic culture, kohl gained deeper significance. The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ encouraged its use, especially ithmid kohl, for its therapeutic effects. According to a hadith, “Apply ithmid kohl to your eyes, for it brightens the eyesight and promotes eyelash growth” (Sunan Ibn Majah).
2. Types of Kohl: Natural vs. Synthetic
Natural Kohl: Ithmid
- Derived from a natural mineral known as antimony (ithmid).
- Traditionally used across the Arab world for both health and beauty.
- Benefits:
- Improves vision clarity
- Prevents eye infections
- Enhances eyelash growth
According to a 2022 study published in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology, natural ithmid kohl has antimicrobial properties and may reduce conjunctival inflammation when used regularly.
Synthetic Kohl: Chemical Alternatives
- Manufactured using chemical compounds and dyes
- Offers variety in colors and textures
- Lacks the medicinal benefits of natural kohl
- May contain toxic substances such as lead, which poses health risks with prolonged use
The FDA has issued warnings about some imported kohl products due to high lead content, which can cause lead poisoning, especially in children (FDA.gov).
3. Health Benefits of Kohl for Eye Care
a. Eye Protection and Vision Enhancement
- Acts as a natural barrier against dust and UV rays
- Useful in desert environments to reduce glare
- May enhance eyesight, particularly with age
b. Anti-inflammatory and Antibacterial Effects
- Natural ithmid is known for its anti-inflammatory properties
- Helps prevent and reduce eye infections
- A 2021 clinical trial from the Middle East African Journal of Ophthalmology highlighted kohl’s potential to fight bacterial conjunctivitis
4. Kohl as a Symbol of Beauty and Elegance
a. Accentuating the Eyes
- Creates a deep, captivating eye contour
- Enhances the natural shape and size of the eyes
- Essential part of traditional makeup routines
b. Boosting Confidence and Charisma
- Adds a layer of boldness and femininity
- Strengthens visual presence and expression
- Maintains a central place in weddings, ceremonies, and daily life
5. Kohl in Arab and Islamic Culture
a. A Cultural Identity Marker
Kohl is more than a cosmetic—it’s a cultural heritage symbol. For many Arab women, applying kohl is a way to stay connected to tradition, history, and ancestral beauty practices.
As noted by Wikipedia and Islamic heritage references, the use of ithmid kohl is considered a Sunnah, or recommended practice.
b. Kohl for Men: Ancient and Modern Traditions
Historically, Arab men also wore kohl to demonstrate masculinity and sharp vision. In some cultures, this practice persists today, especially among those maintaining traditional Bedouin customs.
6. Best Practices and Safety Guidelines
a. Choosing the Right Kohl
- Always opt for pure, natural ithmid
- Avoid products with unverified chemical contents
- Check for certifications and trusted sources
b. Application Techniques
- Wash hands before applying
- Use a clean applicator to avoid infections
- Apply to both upper and lower eyelids for symmetry
- Avoid overuse to maintain a natural look and reduce irritation
7. Conclusion: Kohl as a Timeless Symbol of Natural Beauty
Kohl remains a timeless emblem of natural beauty, heritage, and wellness. Whether for its spiritual significance, medicinal benefits, or aesthetic charm, kohl continues to empower generations of women—and men—across the Arab and Islamic worlds.
Embracing this ancient tradition not only enhances personal appearance but also strengthens cultural identity. As modern cosmetics continue to evolve, the allure and wisdom of natural kohl endure, offering a safe, effective, and symbolic alternative for holistic eye care and authentic beauty.
Key Points Recap
- Kohl has ancient roots in Egyptian, Greek, and Islamic cultures.
- Natural ithmid offers vision-enhancing and antibacterial benefits.
- Synthetic kohl may pose health risks due to chemical additives.
- Kohl is a cultural marker of femininity, strength, and tradition.
- Proper use and choice of kohl ensure safety and effectiveness.
References
- Wikipedia: Kohl (cosmetics)
- FDA. (2023). Kohl, Kajal, and Surma: By Any Name, a Source of Lead Poisoning. FDA.gov
- Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. (2021). “Antibacterial properties of traditional kohl preparations.”
- Journal of Ethnopharmacology. (2022). “Therapeutic effects of natural ithmid in ocular treatments.”
- Sahih Sunan Ibn Majah. Hadith on Kohl.
